A FireWire CCD color camera (DFK21AF04) (The Imaging Source, Bremen, Germany) used for imaging, was mounted perpendicular to the side of the sample chamber under observation.
The segmentation is required for isolating the region within the chamber for observation (Movie S3) and also for selecting only the relevant vorticity values in the atrium to be used statistically for analysis.
Cells were followed for 24 h and images from different samples were acquired every 10 min using the Zeiss Cell Observer System, made up of a motorized inverted microscope (Axiovert 200M), an incubator chamber for observation of living cells and a digital camera (Axiocam H/R).
H441 cells did not migrate through the transwell in Boyden chambers (unpublished observations).
Plasmolysis-deplasmolysis cycles were realized in a perfusion chamber, allowing observation of fluorescent tonoplast labeled with GFP.
An aliquot of suspension containing activated sperm was placed into a one-side open chamber for observation made of strips of silicone rubber (0.5-mm thick) and cover slips, the surface of which were previously coated with 1% BSA to avoid nonspecific sperm adhesion.
Here we report experiments in microfluidic perfusion chambers and observations in vivo, suggesting that the role of a structure sensing the direction of blood flow in ECs can be played by the nucleus, which is pushed downstream by the hydrodynamic drag.
From November 11 to March 13, however, cottonwood from all latitudes survived temperatures down to −70°C, the coldest temperature attainable in our temperature chamber, which prevented observations of latitudinal variation during this period (Fig. 1).
For observation in the horizontal orientation, the observation chamber was monitored using the CCD camera (XC-77; Sony) on a standard inverted microscope (TMS-F; Nikon).
The rats equipped with transparent chambers for microscopic observations (see below) and the rats fitted with diffusion chambers for measurements of TIFP (see below) were caged singly.
