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Factors such as climate change, land degradation, biodiversity loss, and invasive alien species are increasingly challenging ecosystem services provisioning (Schröter et al. 2005), and uncertainty about their future development strongly complicates decisionmaking for ecosystem managers.
Instacart operates in a challenging ecosystem that relies on slicing off margins of a delivery business while still keeping its shoppers and customers happy.
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Ocean acidification is a result of anthropogenic climate change and is challenging marine ecosystems (Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010).
To address this challenge, ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), i.e., the use of ecosystem services and biodiversity to help people adapt to climate change, is increasingly being considered as an alternative or complement to traditional, engineering-based approaches (increasingly also known as nature-based solutions).
These novel nitrifiers have been identified in a range of engineered, natural freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, challenging previously held knowledge on the key microorganisms and biochemical pathways controlling nitrification.
When the differences are high, then a communication channel with high richness can help reduce ambiguity, which may be challenging for a FOSS ecosystem to use.
Changes in disturbance regimes due to climate change are increasingly challenging the capacity of ecosystems to absorb recurrent shocks and reassemble afterwards, escalating the risk of widespread ecological collapse of current ecosystems and the emergence of novel assemblages1,2,3.
As ecosystems are challenging to fully characterise, vegetation types are commonly used as surrogates, albeit with caution (Groves et al. 2002; Margules et al. 2002; Bonn and Gaston 2005).
Risk assessment of these pollutants to organisms and ecosystems is challenging because of diversities in chemical nature and mode of toxicity of the pollutants as well as variation in sensitivities of the organisms exposed to the pollutants.
But it disadvantaged professional installers and challenged the existing ecosystem.
(2) The winner-take-all logic is challenged: The innovation ecosystem is characterized by its openness to the public, which means that the differentiation of resources and complementary innovations are pursued.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com