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Background: Vancomycin dosing in neonates is challenging because of the large variation in pharmacokinetics.
Measurement of autoantibodies remains, however, challenging because of the deficiency of reproducible, sensitive, and standardized assays.
Characterization and upscaling of gas transport in shales is challenging because of the multiple spatial scales.
Assessing these factors is challenging because of the lack of suitable animal models.
Maintaining a heliostationary flight over an asteroid is challenging because of the complex dynamical environment.
Cardiac ASL-MRI is challenging because of the hearts motion, and complex geometry of the blood supply.
Controllable and damage-free doping of graphene is challenging because of the ultra-thin nature of graphene.
However, separation from these streams is challenging because of the low concentrations of VFAs found in aqueous solutions.
The treatment of acute migraine is challenging because of the high nonresponse rates to medications.
Evaluations of RV volume, function, and mass are challenging because of the geometrical complexity and individual differences.
Identification of the genetic factors has been challenging because of the low prevalence and the difficulty of diagnosis [5], [6].
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com