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The other usual challenges to validity are less likely to be troublesome here: Table 1 shows well the lack of selection bias within the cohort; and while we do not have precise information on some standard risk factors for breast cancer, we have quite a deal that is relevant, and confounding is not usually a major issue with this disease.
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And yet the literature is replete with challenge to validity and inter-rater, as well as intra-rater reliability, in physical diagnostic tests that support the theoretical constructs of the musculoskeletal therapist.
One obvious challenge to validity is patient migration (from one county to another).
Nevertheless, patient migration may take place in other institutions and be a challenge to validity.
"While well versed in tradition, and in the culture and mores of the Communist regime, Xu Bing also poses cerebral and representational challenges to their validity and values".
Judge Stallman wrote that their case was "but the latest in a long series of unsuccessful challenges to the validity" of the city's zoning rules, and he appeared to uphold the distinction to which they had objected.
An election could be delayed or averted by challenges to the validity of the signatures, which are now in the hands of elections officials in California's 58 counties.
Mike Wallace, the longtime "60 Minutes" correspondent, said after hearing about new challenges to the validity of the documents on Sunday, "I'm confused by some of what I've heard today".
And there are challenges to the validity of some evidence (Hill and Zhang 2012a, b; but see Wagner and Zhang 2012).
This argument centered on challenges to the validity of the diagnosis of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women and the safety and efficacy of the drug.
Then watch for challenges to signature validity from opponents.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com