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Efficacy was measured as development of parasitemia and time to parasitemia after malaria challenge as determined by light microscopy.
There was no evidence for viral shedding monitored via tracheal and cloacal swabs of infected chickens 2 14 days after challenge as determined by embryonal inoculation (data not shown: egg infectious dose 50 (EID50) limit of detection ∼100 virus particles).
No distinct Vγ5+ population was present in either naive animals or following S. pneumoniae challenge, as determined by flow cytometry.
Ciliary activity in allergics who developed a stress response postantigen challenge, as determined by an induction of the 27 kDa stress (heat shock) protein, displayed no ciliary dysfunction when exposed to a pH 5 stress.
Such forced HO-1 expression was sufficient to reduce ATO-mediated cytotoxicity, but partially reverted (not significant) the enhanced cytotoxicity triggered by ATRA during ATO challenge, as determined by the trypan blue exclusion and DEVDase activity assays.
Firestone is just as determined.
Not limited to exploring social communities, the technique can tackle significant challenges such as determining which genes work together to increase your cancer risk or how to identify objects — such as chairs or puppies — in a collection of digital images.
Bacteria translocation was determined after 10 days of challenge, as previously determined [32].
In the face of significant challenge, we have proven ourselves as determined and capable people, quietly rebuilding a company that the nation depends on.
Accordingly, depletion of NK cells impaired the elimination of B16 melanoma cells in the lungs of challenged young and aged mice, as determined by both quantitative RT PCR expression of OVA (Fig. 1B) and flow cytometric enumeration of CFSE+ cells (Fig. 1C).
No longer are challenges as clear as what they were intended for: determining if a ball landed in or out.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com