Without knowledge of the original pigment's color we cannot be sure if we are observing change, we are lacking information needed to understand the artist's original intent, and it is challenging to specify suitable display conditions and/or treatment options.
Although there have been some studies for identifying the prognostic factors for HCC patients with brain metastasis, it is challenging to specify the appropriate therapeutic strategy considering its rare incidence and poor prognosis.
It should be noted that from the literature, E. coli is thought to have a bi-modal distribution around the previous direction (Berg and Brown 1972), the validity of this is hard to confirm as previous data were hand-annotated, and it is challenging to specify the state of the bacterium when diffusion effects are also in place.
Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.
The challenge is to specify what role observation plays in measurement, and particularly what sort of connection with observation is necessary and/or sufficient to allow measurement to play an evidential role in the sciences.
A bigger challenge is to specify mutations that endow a new function, such as a lost functionality in a duplicated gene.
The first challenge is to specify whether the object of explanation is a trait universal in the species or variation in a trait (Q1).
This challenge is to specify what that normative consideration is without invoking the language of dignity and without invoking considerations that are either implicitly or explicitly theological, and, thus, are unacceptable given the canons of public reason that are essential for public debate in multicultural and multi-faith societies such as Canada.
Finally, Street challenges the realist to specify what faculty or capacity might ground our capacity to arrive at independent moral truths, how the former evolved, and how the latter could plausibly have arisen as a byproduct of it.
An AI researcher in the classical mould could rise to this challenge by attempting to specify what propositions are relevant to what context.
