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The mini-fluid challenge requires a bolus of 100 to 500 ml of crystalloids infused over 10 to 30 minutes, whereas the passive leg-raise acts as a 'self' fluid challenge that increases cardiac preload.
The design and planning of efficient supply chains (SC) is a major challenge that increases when the return of products has to be accounted for, the so-called closed-loop supply chains (CLSC).
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In Ova and LPS challenge protocols, vehicle-treated groups displayed a bronchoconstriction to histamine post-Ova challenge that increased across the 10 min of measurement.
The workshop focuses on the challenges that increased global competition poses for financial regulation, and the concerns that growing financial markets raise for the safety and soundness of the U.S. and global financial system.
The commercially available software, which will be modified only slightly for the veterans study, presents challenges that increase in difficulty in increments small enough that fine-tuning adjustments can be made and then reinforced in the users' brains.
If only fluid challenges that increased the CVP by > 1 mmHg are considered (n = 60), then 34 (57%) challenges increased the stroke volume.
If only fluid challenges that increased CVP by > 1 mm Hg are considered (31 of 44 fluid challenges in cardiac surgery and 22 of 25 in septic shock), SV increased in 15 (28%) of 53 fluid challenges.
Progressive problem solving describes the mindset of professionals who avoid the routinisation of work (eg, 'yet another case of pneumonia') by creating challenges that increase the cognitive burden of the encounter even when the circumstances do not require it.
Macrolipophagy is not only upregulated with nutritional deprivation, but also to some extent when cells are exposed to challenges that increase cellular lipid levels (such as extracellular supplementation with free fatty acids or cholesterol).
These conditions pose a significant challenge for the anti-sweatshop movement – a challenge that will increase with the end of apparel quotas.
After the second challenge, that number increased to 40percentt.
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