In this study, a series of experiments that evaluated concordance, reliability, sensitivity of detection, mixture analysis, and the ability to analyze case-type and challenged samples were conducted.
Post-challenge samples were collected at 4 (4 hpc) and 48 (48 hpc) h after exposure.
The challenged samples were collected by lightly piercing the postabdomen of healthy third instar larvae, pupae, and adult flies with 1-mL disposable syringe needles previously immersed into a mixed culture of E. coli and S. aureus (1.5 × 10 CFU/mL).
Heart tissue from the post-challenge samples was pooled per tank so that heart tissue of five fish became a pool resulting in 4 pools/treatment/sampling point.
An intriguing prospect for achieving better mass resolution on topographically challenging samples is the data post-processing recently published by Pachuta and Vlasak [ 23].
To determine the calves' antibody response to vaccination and challenge, blood samples were taken at vaccination (day 0), just before challenge (day 28) and one week later (day 35).
However, in the patient who tolerated the gluten challenge, fecal samples were collected for each of the 6 d that the challenge lasted, and the amount of gluten excreted was analyzed by using G12 antibody-based immunological methods to determine whether there was gluten excretion and the amounts of toxic peptides excreted during the period of gluten challenge.
At the end of the infusion (i.e., 1.5 h after LPS challenge), blood samples were collected for plasma TNF-α measurement.
Six hours after ethanol or saline challenge, blood samples were taken from the tail vein and immediately deproteinized with 6.25% trichloroacetic acid solution.
To probe the increase in antioxidant capacity of a protein subject to a previous oxidative challenge, albumin samples were first incubated at 37°C in 50 mM phosphate-buffer saline (PBS), pH 7.4 with either 2 mM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or 500 µM sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 10 minutes, or exposed to UV light (254 nm).
After challenge, blood samples were obtained once a week, whereas individual rectal faeces were collected twice a week from all pigs.
