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The bacterial suspension was diluted to provide a challenge inoculum of approximately 500 CFU per wound in a volume of 0.05 ml in sterile 0.9% NaCl.
Both Carraguard and PC-817 protected against vaginal RT-SHIV infection and this was dependent on the dose of challenge inoculum used (Fig. 5A).
The challenge inoculum was administered at either 2.5 months (103 cfu group, n = 14) or 6 months (105 cfu group, n = 6) of age by aerosol as described [36].
BALB/c mice (≤24 h-old) were infected subcutaneously with low (17 to 30 CFU) and high (30 to 60 CFU) GBS challenge inoculum (Fig. 2C and 2D, respectively).
Regardless of challenge inoculum, experimental infection altered the composition of BAL cell types.
The bacterial challenge inoculum, 50 μL, was instilled through the same needle 1 min following the NS or Acid instillation.
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In the first challenge, primary inoculum was prepared from the original 21% CsCl gradient band and injected into juvenile P. monodon that were maintained for 60 days before analysis and also for preparation of inoculum (using the same protocol used to prepare the primary inoculum) for a second challenge test.
Twenty chicks were challenged with inoculum containing 10 of S. Enteritidis via oral administration ("group SE").
Despite the uncertainty regarding the nature and phylogenetic relationships of ICE, we have shown that there is a strong tendency for it to be associated with LSNV in shrimp samples from MSGS ponds, and in shrimp challenged with inoculum from a density gradient band derived from tissue homogenates of shrimp from MSGS ponds.
Second, we have used here high-dose challenge models (with inoculum sizes of up to 5000 CFUs).
Apart from the inoculum, challenge by aerosol inhalation hinges on two principal factors: the quality of the aerosol, and the quantity inhaled by each animal.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com