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When rats were topically sensitized with this concentration and repeatedly challenged with TMA over a time period of 7 weeks, it became apparent that challenge exposures in BN rats may be false negative when performed at time periods less than 3 weeks after the initial induction.
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OVA challenge exposure resulted in an increase of airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine, approximately fourfold (P < 0.01) when compared with saline challenge (PC100: 69 mg/mL; 18 mg/mL saline and ova groups, resp).
Experimental challenge exposure to App induced infection in all pigs, but between-group differences were observed in the clinical course of infection.
The current family selection methods used for improving resistance are based on challenge exposure, and hence are very expensive in terms of selection space, and the financial and ethical cost of routinely challenging large numbers of birds.
These effects of preirradiation manifest themselves, respectively, in decreased and increased mortality of preirradiated experimental animals (mice) after challenge acute exposure in comparison with that for previously nonirradiated ones.
Recently, widespread introduction of reusable, consumer-supplied bags has introduced challenges in assessing exposures in this occupational group.
This case study (1) illustrates the challenge of preventing chemical exposures in the absence of promulgated standards, and (2) makes recommendations for approaches to preventing exposures to chemicals of unknown, or uncertain toxicity before they occur.
It is well acknowledged in the pharmaceutical industry today that an increasing number of lipophilic drug candidates are providing scientists with the growing challenge of reaching desired exposures in vivo.
challenge, totaling 3 consecutive exposures in distinct anatomical sites (oral/subcutaneous/airway).
The complex nature and limited aqueous solubility of petroleum substances pose challenges for consistently characterizing exposures in aquatic life hazard assessments.
The high percentage of bottled water users presented a challenge in exposure assessment because participants were not specifically questioned about types of bottled water consumed.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com