The vast majority have occurred in Saudi Arabia, and all chains of transmission have originated in the Middle East.
"We have in total five chains of transmission in the country compared to numerous numbers last year.
That creates networks, rather than chains, of transmission, making it easier for HIV to spread.
Of special interest in this work are the author's critical remarks on the links in the chains of transmission (isnāds).
"With such high efficacy, all affected countries should immediately start and multiply ring vaccinations to break chains of transmission and vaccinate all front-line workers to protect them".
The World Health Organisation has declared the end of the Ebola epidemic in west Africa, with all known chains of transmission of the virus stopped.
It comprises an elegant English translation, and Arabic text, of the hadith qudsi, with notes, compiled from the best early manuscripts, plus Ibn 'Arabi's chains of transmission.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) did not declare the Ebola outbreak a public health emergency until August, despite 60 different chains of transmission in Guinea and warnings from MSF four months earlier.
In rural areas of Liberia, where hopes had been raised that the Ebola infection rate had plateaued, there were still "active chains of transmission" and no transport facilities to test the patients.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) had declared that "all known chains of transmission have been stopped in west Africa", meaning the area was officially free of the virus after a two-year epidemic that killed more than 11,300 people.
But officials have fretted about the impact of influential spiritual leaders, worrying that evangelical churches which sometimes hold thousands of faithful and services promising "healing" could ignite new chains of transmission.
