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Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and calorific values were measured.
The proposed HTCS approach can effectively optimize the multiple objectives for the CFPP and would be useful technique for related optimization problems.
A B100 biodiesel formulation was developed using a multiresponse optimisation, for which the CFPP and cost were minimised, and the IP and yield were maximised.
The quality of biodiesel is a determining factor in its commercialisation, and parameters such as the Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) and Induction Period (IP) determine its operability in engines on cold days and storage time, respectively.
Several HEN designs were analysed, revealing that heat can be recovered from the flue gas leaving the CFPP, and used to heat up boiler feedwater to enhance the plant efficiency.
Validation was performed in triplicate and the t-test indicated that there were no difference between the estimated and experimental values for none of the dependent variables, thus indicating efficiency of the joint optimisation in the biodiesel production process that met the criteria for CFPP and IP, as well as high yield and low cost.
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The improvement of CFPP properties and insignificant variability in the tensile properties and molecular weight distribution of neat polypropylene validate the potential of this proof-of-concept, closed-loop recyclable material.
When compared with the experimental data, ANN model predicted the CP, PP and CFPP temperatures within 98%, 94% and 96% accuracy, respectively.
The biodiesel yield was improved by the ACh precursor and analogs, although CHOL and CHCL were more efficient, and the IV and the CFPP were enhanced by ACh precursors and analogs except that the IV was reduced by 14 to 44% after using INN.
To check the accuracy of the model developed, refined canola oil (RCO) and waste frying oil (WFO) were converted to biodiesel then, their CP, PP and CFPP temperatures were determined following the EN and ASTM standards.
At tUS = 10 min, the properties of biodiesel produced from Tung oil are with AV of 0.11 mg KOH/g, IV of 159.36 mg I2/100 g, KV of 9.17 mm2/s, density of 905 kg/m3 and CFPP of −16 °C, while those from blended oil are with AV of 0.11 mg KOH/g, IV of 120.35 mg I2/100 g, KV of 5.54 mm2/s, density of 887 kg/m3 and CFPP of −5 °C.
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