We find that there is considerable evidence that media campaigns to promote smoking cessation are often less effective, sometimes equally effective, and rarely more effective among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations relative to more advantaged populations.
Smoking cessation is often accompanied by weight gain, especially among heavy smokers.
Moreover, drinking alcohol increases cigarette cravings, and relapses after successful smoking cessation are often associated with alcohol consumption [ 12, 13].
(high-referring) Across groups, patient responses to suggesting cessation referral often motivated clinicians to either refer more or less.
Smoking cessation is often not managed routinely and effectively within mental health settings due to limited staff training, communication difficulties and the low priority given to cessation.
However, in at least one study when physicians are given written suggestions and tear off sheets for patients, physicians spoke with their patients about smoking cessation more often.
Thirdly, the definition of smoking cessation was often not clear and probably included people who were "point prevalent" abstinent at the time of follow-up.
However, a substantial proportion of participants acknowledged that smoking cessation was often associated with increased appetite and changes in their eating habits and talked about their attempts to control their weight through diet and exercise.
Current provision of RPIs was most commonly described as behavioural counselling being offered predominantly after completed cessation treatment, often in the format of 'rolling groups' which the client was encouraged to attend.
Given the typical differences in quit rates in most smoking cessation studies, often 10%-15 10%-15, 22, 48, 50], we determined that a sample size of 60 participants would be sufficient to obtain initial estimates of effect size with 60% power (medium effect size).
