The term "Pilot-assisted CE (w/o noise)" in Figure 8 denotes the proposed pilot-assisted CE without the noise effect during the estimation process (only tracking errors due to channel time selectivity are taken into consideration).
Based on the analysis of the IC error effect in the previous section, after IPMMSE CE, the noise enhancement ratio when demodulating x 2 at UE1 is {e}_{mathrm{IPMMSE}}=frac{i_{1_mathrm{IPMMSE}}}{n_1}kern0.36em.
In the case of CE without noise (long-dotted lines in Figure 8), where only the propagation errors due to the channel time selectivity are considered, the degradation, for BER = 10−3, is about 3.5, 3.7, 3.8, and 4 when = 3, 15, 47, and 79, respectively.
From Eq. (28), we can determine that the interference for x 2 plus noise after MMSE CE for x 2 is {i}_{1_mathrm{MMSE}}={W}_{mathrm{MMSE}_{H}_{21}}left({H}_{11}{x}_1right kern0.24em0.24em.
When CE is estimated for the cell counting, Noise is equal to ∑ Q−.
In dynamically quenched phosphorescence detection for CE, a high background signal (with relatively low noise) and a long triplet lifetime τ0 are preferred for maximum sensitivity.
In contrast, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is another attractive CE mode which will generate much lower background noise, due to the lack of ampholytes, and is much easier in system automation.
Scan sequences produce different noises and different noise levels, more relevant being those for CE imaging (continuous and buzzing sound), and for the so-called diffusion-weighted images (high beeping sound).
In comparison with pilot-assisted CE with the TDM pilot, the MSE of the channel estimator with the pilot-assisted CE based on the FDM pilot is more affected by nonlinear noise.
However, the BER performance with pilot-assisted CE using the TDM pilot is degraded as well, since the nonlinear noise due to the quantization cannot be neglected.
