Cervical cytology is the currently recommended standard test for cervix screening, which should start in the age range 20 30 [ 12, 13], but preferentially not before age 25 or 30 years, depending on the burden of the disease in the population and the available resources [ 13, 14].
Furthermore, combining our results with the ongoing IARC study conducted in the Mahabub Nagar district of Andhra Pradesh and the recently completed IARC assisted studies will help in predicting the most cost-effective method of cancer cervix screening programmes in India [ 27].
These evaluated smoking and alcohol consumption habits, as well as recommendations of physicians on how to reduce behavioral risk factors related to high blood pressure, and on compliance of patients to colorectal, breast and cervix cancer screening.
Fairly similar figures (86 100%) have been reported for the cervical smear in cervix cancer screening (Nanda et al, 2000; Cervix cancer screening 2005).
The observations also reveal that apparently important opportunities for integration of care (TB and cervix cancer screening) were missed.
Outcomes of cancer prevention strategies have been investigated in numerous developing country settings, particularly for cervix cancer screening and also breast cancer early detection and tobacco control [ 46- 51].
After this first screen the physician can choose the specific risks he(she) wants to further estimate and consider for prevention in his(her) patient (cardiovascular risk, alcohol abuse screening, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, uterine cervix and prostate cancer screening, depression and suicide risk).
Years of life lost shows the population burden from cancers of the ovary, cervix, and CNS to be rather larger than suggested by crude mortality, despite screening programmes for cervix cancer.
For example, in Lahore, Pakistan, only 5% of women surveyed at a tertiary care hospital were aware that screening existed for cervix cancer and only 2.6% had ever received a pap test [ 32].
11, 13, 15, 24, 27 Obstetric practices related to the management of preterm birth risk (screening for short cervix, use of progesterone, and prescription of bed rest, for instance) may differ across countries; however, we are not aware of any studies that have assessed variations in these practices across countries and their impact on national preterm birth rates.
However, it is unknown whether screening for a short cervix and subsequent treatment in mid trimester pregnancy is effective in low risk women.
