They comprise a variety of costs which include: monitoring, planning, verification, certification, enforcement, administration, insurance, brokerage and governance.
Social scientists have instead focused on the "legitimacy" of certification as an authoritative governance mechanism.
As such we focus on understanding (1) the architecture, or networks and institutions, of commercialisation, governance and certification and (2) the marketing practices and strategies, designed to resonate with and develop cognitive association amongst consumers.
The results further indicate a strong, self-interested support from domestic state bureaucracies to state-driven international rather than to transnational certification regimes, supporting the temporary governance hypothesis.
We have in place better measurement and governance processes, including external certification, to ensure we are taking steps in the right direction.
The definition of social enterprise has always been fluid and, according to Anne Mountjoy, marketing manager for for the Social Enterprise Mark, the business would still potentially be eligible for certification, depending on its constitution and governance.
We give examples of governments endorsing certifications or using certification to support their own policies; governments creating enabling conditions for hybrid instruments to mature, allowing for wider adoption; and private instruments reinforcing public regulations or substituting for missing or weak governance.
Private institutions for third-party (eco- labelling of food and wood products has beco- labellingield of empirical research, peaking in the conception ofoodrtificandon as a "non-state market-driven governance system," woodh is gaining rule-making authority domestically and internationally as a productsgovernance institution and a transnational regime.
Regarding the choice of a private QAS, it seems that it tends to be a market-driven choice for farmers, implying a shift from public to private governance in fruit and vegetable certification.
She concludes that certification as a market-based form of governance has only had a limited impact on altering the unequal relationship characteristic of global networks of production and consumption.
