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Instead, Chinese philosophers preferred the certainty of perception, and thus: "would not, and did not translate their concrete vision into the form of science.
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"—of perception".
In contrast to the purported single object of Sense-certainty the object of Perception is taken as instantiating general properties: it is "a thing with many properties" (Phen: §112).
As in the case of Sense-certainty, here in the case of Perception, by following the protagonist consciousness's efforts to make this implicit criterion explicit, we see how the criterion generates contradictions that eventually undermine it as a criterion for certainty.
The centrepiece is a 200-page meditation on "The Delusions of Certainty" that ranges from the science of perception to neo-Cartesianism to the history of psychiatry.
In the Phenomenology of Spirit Hegel undertook a genuinely novel approach to the problem of knowledge, tracing the immanent movement of the "shapes of consciousness"—the different historical conceptions of knowledge from "sense certainty" through "perception," "force," "consciousness," "self-consciousness," "reason," "spirit," and finally "absolute knowing".
Regression analysis revealed that males who had lower perceptions of certainty of apprehension and displayed a tendency to repeat the behaviour were most likely to deliberately break crossing rules.
However, this certainty is purchased at a price, namely, that of changing the object of perception into the thought, or the representation, of the object of perception.
The theoretical argument is that perceptions of the certainty of detection and severity of punishment serve as deterrents for students to engage in academic dishonesty (Paternoster 1987).
So-called immediate perception therefore lacks the certainty of immediacy itself, a certainty that must be deferred to the working out of a complete system of experience.
Gaining certainty about the (perception of the) policy problem will allow policy-makers to draft more targeted policy intervention by anticipating the effects on immigrants' capabilities and aspirations.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com