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The theoretical argument is that perceptions of the certainty of detection and severity of punishment serve as deterrents for students to engage in academic dishonesty (Paternoster 1987).
Following this theoretical trend, Delaware's Decide Your Time (DYT) program was designed to manage high risk substance-using probationers by focusing on the certainty of detection through frequent drug tests and graduated but not severe sanctions.
(Absent the certainty of detection and penalties which is an improbably difficult hurdle).
This procedure used a dose-response model, which predicted for the average laboratory that a 50% certainty of detection was achieved for CHIKV plasma concentrations >10,000 RNA copies/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] 3,162 19,952 copies/mL).
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Participants' ratings of certainty of abuse (detection) and selected actions (prevention) were correlated with the experts' ratings of the same cases at each stage of testing, as well as examining effect on mean group scores and cue use.
Participants' ratings of certainty of abuse occurring (detection) were correlated with the experts' ratings of the same cases at both stages of testing.
The "3-sigma rule," was selected for this study based on statistical rigor; using this rule provides 99.7 % certainty that detection of the "hot" node did not occur due to chance.
The independent cohort demonstrated a slightly lower mutation prevalence for BAP1, however, resulting in a detection certainty of 80% with three samples.
We further investigate how probability of detection affects the certainty of declaring freedom from disease and decision-making for the cessation of control activities.
As the number of recursions increases, the certainty about the detection of impulsive noise locations also increases; thus, the soft decision is designed to act more like the hard decision during the later parts of the iteration steps, which yields the error locations.
It may be difficult to convince funders and some elements of the healthcare professions of the benefits of investing in detection and treatment of chronic NCDs when some are asymptomatic and the benefit for individuals of detection and treatment is expressed as a likelihood rather than certainty, e.g. hypertension.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com