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Exclusion of certain pollinators showed that birds and insects were important for fertilisation.
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Although certain pollinator interactions were competitive, the reproductive output in the native species was not always reduced.
Positional effects can be important in determining specific patterns of interaction with certain pollinator groups.
However, floral scent can be the key signal for the attraction of certain pollinator guilds (e.g. nocturnal moths, fragrance-collecting euglossine bees [ 9, 15, 16]) and plays a decisive role in the evolution of several mimicry systems (e.g. carrion mimicry, sexual deception) [ 17- 19].
Deciduous hollies have three different bloom times, so hybridizers have developed certain male pollinators that bloom at the same time as the female plants.
Nevertheless, under certain circumstances plant-pollinator systems adopt an honest signaling strategy, reflected by the multitude of examples described here.
Why do pollinators visit certain flowers?
Then you don't have the pollinators for certain plants.
Mosquitoes with their long tongues are effective pollinators of certain orchids (Habenaria species) in North American swamps.
Bats are important pollinators of certain pale, fragrant flowers that open in the evening in Asian rainforests (see also Sidebar: Bat-Loving Flowers).
Flies are beneficial, too, functioning as scavengers, predators, or parasites of certain insect pests, as pollinators of plants, and as destroyers of weeds noxious to humans.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com