Certain locomotion-related morphological characteristics seem to have convergently evolved in marine birds (Livezey and Zusi 2007; Felice and O'Connor 2014).
Many animals, principally invertebrates and certain fishes, achieve locomotion by contact with the substrate.
We next analyzed whether behavior can be altered in the long-term by depolarizing command interneurons, which regulate certain aspects of locomotion (Fig. 3a), particularly the direction and likely also the speed of movement: AVB and PVC neurons trigger forward, whereas AVA and AVD mediate backward locomotion.
Andersson et al. [ 26] have identified mutations in certain gene affecting locomotion in many breeds including the cold-blooded trotter.
Beklemishev [ 2] pointed out that when the body is asymmetric, as it reaches a certain speed, rectilinear locomotion becomes impossible and the body begins to move in a helical trajectory.
All the patients had resumed certain degree of locomotion, the best results fell in a group of patients who were operated 4 14 days after SCI, in which 70% could walk with a pair of crutches or without any support.
A central pattern generator (CPG) based controller has been developed to achieve the locomotion with a certain sense of natural oscillation.
Conversely, elevated levels of EphB3 have been shown to have a role in the failure of contact inhibition of locomotion exhibited by certain metastatic prostate cancer cell lines overexpressing this receptor [ 20], an observation that results in a more invasive phenotype.
Hunters: individuals actively hunting i.e. chasing and killing prey; Followers: individuals accompanying hunters, but not actively pursuing prey (pups and yearlings up to a certain age); Ranging: all non-hunting locomotion such as border patrol or return to the den; Foraging success: Energy gain per day.
Consequently, the exact nature of size dependent scaling of efficiency in any form of locomotion is far from certain, but this current study and the work of Reilly et al. [5] suggests that it may be more complex than previously thought, at least in terrestrial locomotion.
