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The number of LIBCSP respondents for whom traffic B[ a]P estimates were available (520 1,274 case participants; 566 1,334 control participants) varied according to the exposure definition and the imputed data set (some women exceeded the limit on imputation percentage in certain imputation draws), and the participants showed a wide range of exposure levels (Table 1).
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The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) provides risk-adjusted assessments of surgical programs, traditionally imputing certain missing data points using a single round of multivariable imputation.
The reason for this step relates to the fact that multiple imputation relies on certain assumptions.
Certain data points were missing; despite imputation this weakened the validity of the study findings.
Second, we used the resulting information to impute whether a certain kind of specialist had been used (for physicians and therapists only), again with single imputation using the MCMC method.
This adjustment may require the estimation or imputation of effect sizes in certain studies [ 24].
As body mass index, smoking status and Townsend deprivation score may be important confounders and have a certain amount of missing data, we used multiple imputation for the missing values[ 35, 36].
The final aim was to determine whether the use of different data analytic approaches and certain types of missing data approaches (eg, multiple imputation) has increased over time while the use of others has decreased.
While each imputation method provided similar results, there are certain characteristics related to each analysis method that need to be acknowledged.
Other imputation strategies could also be considered in certain contexts, such as the 2-fold algorithm, which imputes missing data from longitudinal variables at particular time points by using adjacent data points.
For patients with missing responses to certain items, the ADAS-CogIRT methodology does not require data imputation and estimates cognitive impairment using the set of items answered by the patients.
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