Models of reinforcement learning have suggested distinct contributions of dopamine to certain forms of learning (Walsh and Anderson, 2014; Doll et al., 2012).
Firstly, it was shown that neurogenesis in dentate gyrus is important for certain forms of learning and memory [11], and this finding was strengthened when it was reported that these new neurons become synaptically integrated in hippocampal circuits [12] and mature into functional neurons [6].
One part of the brain where pattern separation occurs is called the dentate gyrus, which sits in the hippocampus the brain region that is in charge of certain forms of learning and memory.
So-called neuro-fuzzy systems integrate fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks, enabling a certain form of learning.
In anatomical terms, the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) have all been implicated in both novelty processing and certain forms of reinforcement learning [Duzel et al., 2009; Lisman and Grace, 2005; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Montague et al., 2004; Schultz, 1998, 2006].
Although often overlooked, there is long-standing evidence that the hippocampus contributes to certain forms of reinforcement learning [Devenport et al., 1981; Holscher et al., 2003; Ploghaus et al., 2000; Purves et al., 1995; Rolls and Xiang, 2005; Tabuchi et al., 2000; Weiner, 2003].
Pink acknowledges that extrinsic motivators can be effective for certain forms of rote learning, but suggests that applying them beyond rudimentary concepts will not only be unsuccessful, but could be counterproductive as well.
Virtual environments difficult allow or promote certain forms of teaching and learning (Onrubia, 2005).
Acute stress and subsequent upregulation in serum stress hormone levels is well described to profoundly alter certain forms of hippocampus dependent learning and memory [39], [40], [62], [63], [64].
Adult-born granule cells (ABGCs) are involved in certain forms of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory.
This result provides a distinct link between certain forms of hippocampal LTP and the enhanced visual spatial learning detected in Ts1Yah mice in the MWM.
