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The simultaneous retrievals from using all ten bands outperform those based on using only the two CO2 bands, and the ten-band retrieval produces more certain estimates of CTP.
However, if the sampler is willing to live with the possible risk of some bias and less certain estimates of precision when compared with actual simple random sampling, Gordon and Pont's methods may prove satisfactory.
However, a larger follow-up study of drug users would provide more certain estimates of mortality in drug users.
Fearnhead and Prangle (2012) follow the idea of optimizing the choice of summary statistics with respect to the accuracy of certain estimates of the parameters (e.g., a point estimate), rather than the full posterior distribution.
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Similarly, we should be careful when we try to generalise a certain estimate of the role of smoking in the sex difference in mortality.
Assessing a more recent sample of studies after the implementation of the CONSORT guidelines may increase the number of low risk studies and may provide a more certain estimate of the impact of risk of bias on effect size.
As a recent Post news story pointed out: "The number of militants and civilians killed in the drone campaign over the past 10 years will soon exceed 3,000 by certain estimates, surpassing the number of people al Qaeda killed in the Sept. 11 attacks".
After being roundly criticized by CPR, the Congressional Research Service, and others, SBA's Office of Advocacy now explains, referring apparently to the $1.75 trillion figure that "the findings of the study have been taken out of context and certain theoretical estimates of costs have been presented publicly as verifiable facts".
Under certain circumstances, estimates of the exposure concentration corresponding to a 1% excess risk can be highly dependent on the exposure response model chosen to model the epidemiologic data.
The validity of systematic reviews including non-RCTs may be affected by the differing susceptibility of RCTs and non-RCTs to selection bias [ 39], although it has been suggested that under certain conditions, estimates of effectiveness of non-RCTs may be valid if confounding is controlled for [ 40].
The majority of these studies use the case test-negative control design (TND), which has been showed to provide, under certain conditions, unbiased estimates of influenza VE.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com