In both sites, the livelihoods of farmers are based on cereal (maize, millet and sorghum) production for household consumption and cotton, the main cash crop in southern Mali.
Species richness decreased from spring and summer to autumn and winter in annual crops (cereal, maize, sugar beet and other crops), increased in alfalfa and fallow land, and remained relatively stable in windbreaks and forests.
The wheat crop also responded strongly to the previous legume (mung bean) in terms of enhanced grain yield by 2.09 times and straw yield by 2.16 times over the previous cereal (maize) treatment.
When N-fertilization was non-limited with reduced tillage (RT), the crops in the treatments with organic fertilizers yielded 2 13% more grains (0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 t ha−1 more for respectively rapeseed, spring cereal, maize and winter wheat) than those in treatments with mineral fertilizers only.
Endophytic fungi have been isolated from many different plants including trees (pine and yew), fodders (alfa-alfa, sorghum, and clover), vegetables (carrot, radish, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, lettuce, and soyabean), fruits (banana, pineapple, and citrus), cereal grain (maize, rice, and wheat), and other crops (sugarcane, marigold, and coffee) [ 5].
Several crops are cultivated in the area, such as rice, fonio (a crabgrass cereal), corn (maize), oil palm, coffee, and kola nuts.
Karuturi Global, the Indian farm conglomerate and one of the world's largest rose growers, which has leased 350,000 ha in Gambella province to grow palm oil, cereals maize and biofuel crops for under $1.10 per hectare per year, declined to comment.
Regarding the incidence rates and concentration levels in cereals, maize and oats were most frequently contaminated [4, 26 29].
The use of inorganic fertilizer was higher for cereals (maize, teff, wheat) and haricot bean compared to perennial crops.
The co-contamination analysis showed that 44, 40 and 50% of the mixed cereals, maize and barley samples were concurrently contaminated with AFs and OTA.
The distant out fields are planted to cereals (maize, wheat, tef) that are cultivated in rotation with legumes such as faba bean (Vicia faba), haricot bean (Phaseulus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycinemax sp). in certain places.
