Regression models were adjusted for age at reference date (age at diagnosis for cases and age at study selection for controls), sex, race, study centre, education level, hypertension history (ever, never), family size (defined as number of siblings and number of offspring), smoking status, and body mass index.
7 Cardiovascular disease comorbidities that may be associated with both history of airway obstruction and being edentulous were also examined using data from visit 4. Other potential confounders examined included race and examination centre, ethnicity, education level, income, frequency of dental visits, diabetes, body mass index, alcohol use and medication utilisation.
All participants were randomized to receive CR or PE in a 1 1 ratio stratified by centre, age, and education level.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for reference age, study centre, country of birth, education level, marital status, number of live births, height, current oral contraceptive use status and reported first-degree family history.
Data were extracted from the longitudinal Nouna demographic and surveillance site on membership of the Nouna CBHI, utilization of health services, the average distance from village to health centre, assets ownership, age and education level of the head of household.
*Adjusted for age, centre, tobacco consumption, years of education, level of physical activity, systolic blood pressure, apolipoprotein A-1 and apolipoprotein B concentration, waist circumference, and treatment for hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia.
Education level was classified into four categories: No education, primary education, secondary education and higher education.
For countries with more than one study centre (i.e., Italy, Spain, the Netherlands [women], Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and United Kingdom,), adjusted mixed linear models with random intercept at centre level were used to assess the association between highest education level and BMI/WC.
Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between COPD and edentulism, while adjusting for age, gender, centre/race, ethnicity, education level, income, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease and congestive heart failure, body mass index, smoking, smokeless tobacco use and alcohol consumption.
Furthermore, it is unknown whether other factors, such as SES or education level, played a role in the referring pattern of patients to our centre.
Long total delay was not associated with education level, marital status, employment status, household wealth, distance of residence from the health centre, type of health facility, or daily intake of alcohol.
