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†Age adjusted test of null hypothesis (no between centre difference).
After adjusting for age, using ANOVA, no centre difference on log ACTH (p=0.105) and log (DHEAS+0.22 p=0.54343) could be demonstrated.
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The edges to centre differences for pollinators are very small in conventional fields, due to low individual numbers at both field locations.
Centre differences were pronounced with a range of 4% to 59% [ 4].
Centre differences in any of these variables did not build recognizable geographic patterns and neighbouring centres did not cluster more than distant centres did.
The current ICH E9 guideline recommends that researchers investigate treatment effect using a model that allows for centre differences in the absence of treatment by centre interaction [ 1].
Group supervision across sites via videoconference was also conducted once a fortnight in order to monitor compliance to protocol and minimise centre differences in implementation.
Overall, there were substantial centre differences, with an elective CS rate of 60% (410/689) in Simferopol versus 10% (11/115) in Kiev.
These interactions were expressed in the greater number of pairwise centre differences, e.g. in ADHD DSM-IV scores of the Conners' questionnaires, in probands than in siblings.
The diagnostic procedure may be another source of heterogeneity which is, more difficult to measure and control in comparison to the variance due to centre differences.
In the regression model, the documenting centres can also be considered as explanatory variables; the association between external factor and outcome indicator can therefore be "adjusted" for centre differences instead of being stratified for centres as above.
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