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It employed a centralized index server, which users would search on the basis of song title or artist name.
According to the legal briefs, the students operated Napster-like systems at Princeton University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and Michigan Technological University, allowing other students to search and download a centralized index of thousands of songs.
Nor does it resolve the threat to copyright protections posed by other kinds of file-sharing services, like Gnutella, that do not create a Web site that provides a centralized index of available files and therefore present no single defendant for plaintiffs to challenge.
FAROO is a peer-to-peer web search engine that has no centralized index and crawler.
Differently from centralized or hybrid P2P systems, there is no centralized index server which manages the whole P2P system.
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Then it agrees to disperse centralized power.
For any organization, … centralized power is necessary.
They tried to centralize power in Kabul.
While centralized-index architectures (such as Napster) can support both these features, existing decentralized architectures seem to support at most one: prevailing unstructured P2P protocols (such as Gnutella and FastTrack) deploy a "blind" search mechanism where the set of peers probed is unrelated to the query; thus they support partial-match queries but have limited scope.
The Centralization Index takes a higher value if the bargaining process is more centralized.
The so-called Campus seems designed to act as a central repository for the kind of advice that's often being exchanged between crowdfunders anyway in conversations every day, only centralized, archived and indexed on Kickstarter itself.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com