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The system thus combined central supervision of local affairs through appointed officials with territorial representation through locally elected governments.
This pattern variously involved strong protectionism, directed labour, control of unions, and central supervision of banking and credit.
(It may have banged another nail into the coffin of elected local authorities with its suggestion that electoral officials need closer central supervision and more uniform standards).
A second type of unitary system makes less provision for territorial decentralization of authority and employs rather strict procedures for the central supervision of locally elected governments.
Last year, European officials laid out an important proposal for a banking union that would resolve failed institutions; provide strong, central supervision of banks; and give depositors a solid guarantee that their money was safe.
Over the months, German officials sought to exclude many of their smaller banks from central supervision, pushed back the date for any bank-recapitalisation and insisted that it would exclude "legacy assets".
Similar(41)
Finally, under centralized supervision, only the central supervisor collects information and decides on the liquidation of the bank.
The model of hierarchical supervision is compared in terms of welfare with two alternative arrangements, namely decentralized supervision, where the local supervisor is fully in charge, and centralized supervision, where the central supervisor is fully in charge.
This hierarchical model is contrasted with the alternatives of decentralized and centralized supervision, where only the local or the central supervisor collects information and decides on liquidation.
This setup may be interpreted as a model of decentralized supervision in which supervisory responsibilities are allocated to a local supervisor or a model of centralized supervision in which supervisory responsibilities are allocated to a central supervisor.
PARIS — European leaders increased the pressure on Germany to move more aggressively to defend the euro on Tuesday by publishing proposals for a more tightly knit European Union, with phased-in moves toward central banking supervision, unified deposit insurance and more sharing of the region's debt burden.
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