The head is attached to a central stalk, which ranges from 3 to 6 mm wide, though thinner toward the substrate.
In all V-ATPases the catalytic activity arises from conformational changes resulting from ATP-binding and hydrolysis on the A subunits near the AB interface [32], [33], [34].These changes drive the rotation of the heterodimeric DF central stalk which ultimately results in the translocation of protons across the membrane through the a cc' 4-5c″d proteolipid ring [35], [36], [37].
This new movement appears to use a rotating cage to move the balance wheel in a full rotation around the central stalk, a design decision which differs from the standard stationary tourbillon cage.
This time of year, amaranth's tightly packed green flowers rise up from the central stalk like baby green torches, which later produce numerous black seeds.
Based on the relative arrangement of the V1 components, it is likely that the catalytic complex and central stalk collectively dissociate from the CH peripheral stalk base containing the three peripheral stalks (Figure 5).
The α-subunit is a critical subunit of the ATP synthase as three α-subunits alternate with three β-subunits to form the ring through which the central stalk of the ATP synthase rotates.
The only situation in which the DF central stalk and the A3B3 catalytic complex could be captured in a single predominant orientation is when the two entities are held motionless by some coherent interaction as seen in our A3B3DF reconstruction.
Shorter forms, growing to no more than 20 centimetres (8 inches), have a few relatively large leaves extending from the central stalk (e.g., Leioptilus).
The fruit body of T. palmata is a coral-like tuft that is repeatedly branched from a central stalk, reaching dimensions of 3.5 6.5 cm tall.
The globular head stands independently from the central stalk and contains the majority of the neutralizing antibody epitopes [12], [13].
