For example, the larger (magenta) cluster included most central localities, stretching from the Madeira tributaries (MD) to the mouth of the Amazon (AG) and, in addition to most C. pinima, also included nominal C. vazzoleri from Oriximiná (vaz-OR) and C. thyrorus from the Trombetas (thy-TR).
Mierzwa said a recent survey found that Central Valley localities were only funding $30 million of the estimated $100 million in annual maintenance needs for flood-protection systems.
Central Mumbai localities were most affected, especially around Dadar and Shivaji Park, the strongholds of both the MNS and the Shiv Sena.
It greatly exceeds intensively sampled western Amazon sites to the south (e.g., Cusco Amazónico in Tambopata: 89 spp./∼100 km2) [62], [62] and well-studied Central American localities (e.g., Barro Colorado Island, Panama: 81 spp. of Squamata/3 km2, and La Selva, Costa Rica: 81 spp. of Squamata/15.1 km2) [58], [58].
Given the low resolution (i.e. low polymorphism) of the intron-1 region analyzed and the unavailability of samples from intermediate Central African localities for this study, the possibility of independent mutations giving rise to East and West African H1-1014S haplotypes cannot be ruled out.
These Patagonian populations were deeply divergent to those from more northern (central Chilean) localities, and appear to have trans-oceanic ancestry.
Four haplotypes were shared between neighbouring populations: haplotypes H27 and H29 in several central Mallorcan localities (Montuïri/Ruberts; stations 10, 14 and 19), whereas haplotypes H19 and H22 were present in two Sineu wells (stations 22 and 23).
Bolitoglossa occidentalis is confined to the Nuclear Central America region, but is distributed primarily in three areas within the region, and was tested for an ancestral location in each: north-central Chiapas (locality 24), the Pacific coast (locality 36), and the Sierra de los Chimalapas (locality 22).
As no genetic diversity for rbcL was observed in 54 samples from six widely-spaced central Chilean localities, obtaining rbcL sequences for all samples for this region was deemed redundant, and only a subset of samples were analysed for this less-informative marker.
To place the new Chilean sequence data in a wider context, published D. antarctica DNA sequences (GenBank accessions FJ550086 - FJ550112[ 19]) from seven of the localities in central Chile, and numerous localities around the subantarctic and New Zealand, were included in the analyses (Fig. 2).
