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Within hosts (i.e., Amakihis 6 and 11) haplotypes tend to cluster relatively closely together and have one central haplotype from which others are derived.
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None of the haplotype networks showed a star-like pattern, i.e., a "central" commonly shared haplotype from which other haplotypes deviate by only a few mutational steps, indicative of a rapid and recent diversification [ 37].
The haplotype network (Fig. 2b) revealed that most NE haplotypes are connected to each other (generally differing by only one mutational step) in a star-like fashion with a central haplotype (Mlh16), which is also found in SE populations.
That is, internal nodes represent ancestral haplotypes from which the derived (distal) haplotypes evolved.
As illustrated in Figure 3, the haplotype network of each locus identified putative ancestral haplotypes, from which all other global haplotypes can be derived.
The BSNP haplotype for each recombinant haplotype is listed along with the parental haplotypes from which they probably arose.
The central haplotype in the network, which could be interpreted as ancestral, is widely distributed and gives no information about the geographical origin of the population expansion.
Both M. herderiana and G. fasciatus exhibit haplotype networks in which a central haplotype is very abundant and widespread, and to which several less common haplotypes are closely related.
A unique small lineage appeared in Seymour Canal [15], in which the central haplotype was one mutation removed from the most common haplotype.
With the exception of Peru, at least one haplotype at the distal tip of each central haplotype group was from New Zealand.
This pattern is indicative of an older expansion in which the central haplotype declined over time and derivative haplotypes accumulated mutations.
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