Ocean Parkway, finished in 1876, forms a lush promenade, with its central drive, landscaped malls, benches, chess tables and paths for walking and biking.
He was a draftsman of preternatural gifts, the last major artist in a line going back to Giotto to make exacting delineation of the real world a central drive.
Weight aspects of central drive systems were considered and compared with decentralized wheel-hub drives.
Main Outcome Measures: Target measures were maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs), evoked peak torque, and percentage of motor unit activation for muscle strength and central drive.
The mechanisms responsible for the differential effect on RFD but not maximal force after NaHCO3 ingestion requires further investigation, as RFD is influenced by both peripheral (e.g. excitation-contraction coupling) and central (e.g. central drive) factors [98].
Mechanisms related to central drive such as cortical output, spinal reflexes and muscle afferents have also been shown to be influenced by the localised changes in muscle metabolite concentrations (e.g. H+) associated with exercise [99 101].
The design used in this study leads us to conclude that systemic hypoxia has a direct influence on the central drive, independent of the factors developed within the working muscles.
Using an isometric knee extension model in combination with ischemia to enhance the firing frequency of group II I/IVafferents [114 116], we have observed voluntary activation, a gross estimate of central drive, to be better preserved under NaHCO3 conditions [117].
However, sEMG signals lack sensitivity to detect changes in the number and discharge rate of active motor units that would indicate increased central motor output [108, 109] and therefore may not be sensitive enough to accurately determine whether or not altering pH may affect descending central drive.
A more recent body of literature suggests a relationship between increasing levels of intramuscular metabolite concentrations analogous with high rates of skeletal muscle contraction, and greater group II I/IVafferent firing in humans [110 112], which would ultimately act as a protective mechanism against peripheral fatigue by limiting descending central drive [113].
