Numerous prominent theories have relied on the concept of "audience costs" as a central causal mechanism in their arguments about international conflict, but scholars have had greater difficulty in demonstrating the efficacy and even the existence of such costs outside the bounds of game theory and the political psychology laboratory.
Theoretical developments have followed this focus, and the dominant theories in the field [ 8, 2] consider stress reduction and restoration as a central causal mechanism.
What are the key causal mechanisms responsible for particular outcomes?
Since they resonate with different normative assumptions, the conceptual distinction of incentives and opportunities is central to disentangle normative from analytical concepts and to isolate causal mechanisms.
The appeal of this approach to bureaucrats is fairly obvious: like Beer's central planners, they can be effective while remaining ignorant of the causal mechanisms at play.
He explains how the investigation of causal mechanisms and the making of within-case causal inference are the central goals of multimethod and case study research, and provides a logic for connecting case studies and causal mechanism analysis with cross-case analysis, whether they are statistical analyses, experiments, or QCA.
First, due to its cross-sectional design, the study was inherently limited in its ability to determine causal relationship between different obesity indicators and central arterial stiffness and hemodynamics; further prospective, population-based studies are needed to investigate causal mechanisms.
Determining the causal mechanisms that lead species and communities to display differential phenological responses to climatic changes is of central interest in global change biology research; however, due to a lack of well documented and detailed phenology and climate data, this is difficult to address effectively.
Here as elsewhere, Mr. Gladwell promotes a cultural explanation for success no matter how indirect the causal mechanisms.
Further analysis into the causal mechanisms at work provides evidence in favor of the information mechanism.
