NC was measured using the most prominent portion of the thyroid cartilage as a landmark; the measurement was taken to the nearest 0.1 centimetres (cm) using a Gulick measuring tape (Fitness Mart, Gay Mills, USA) [ 21].
To calculate children's BMI, height was measured to the nearest centimetre using a rigid stadiometer.
Body height was measured to the nearest half centimetre using a stadiometer and body mass was determined by a beam-scale weight to the nearest 100 g.
Participants' weight was recorded on digital scales to the nearest 100 g, height to the nearest centimetre using a mounted stadiometer, and waist measured to the nearest millimetre with an inelastic tape using standard techniques [ 12].
Deschamps-Braly marked the problem area, six centimetres by four centimetres, and, using a reciprocating saw, he sliced the piece of brow bone off, placing it on a side table.
In the POP-Q system, the degree of prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall, the posterior vaginal wall, and the uterus or vaginal vault (when there is a history of hysterectomy) is measured in centimetres, using the hymnal remnants as a reference point.
The total breast area was defined using a special outlining tool, and the size of this area in square centimetres using the Madena software.
After 24 h, the larvae were removed, and each leaf was photographed to determine the number of feeding holes and the leaf area that was consumed by the larvae in pixels, which was converted to square centimetres using Adobe Photoshop Elements 2.0 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, USA).
