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Consider a reference FAP at distance D from a central MBS, and its home users (or neighboring cellular users) at distance R and D c from the FAP and the MBS, respectively.
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The first constraint means that each D2D pair occupies only one cellular user's resource block; the second and third constraints guarantee that each idle cellular user at most serves one D2D pair.
In the LTE-A, D2D users and cellular users are multiplexed at the same uplink channel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) physical RRB.
The cellular users are uniformly located at the zone F o that a circular annulus with outer radius R f and inner radius R i.
To this end, this paper proposes a resource allocation algorithm that maximizes the throughput gain while reducing the rate loss of cellular users and increasing the rate of D2D users at the same time.
During this phase, the cellular users transmit pilots for uplink UE-BS channel estimation at the BS, while the BS simultaneously transmits energy signals to the sensor nodes.
For a reference FAP at D > D th, its neighboring cellular users in the zone F o connect to the central MBS.
Note that when there are more than one cellular users to be served by a base station, the base station just chooses one cellular user to serve at each time slot through the time-division multiple access (TDMA) scheme2.
Cellular users are uniformly distributed outdoors.
Aiming at reducing the performance loss caused by the reuse of cellular resources by D2D users, the concept of reuse cost is proposed to measure the rate loss of cellular users.
The strategy vector x of the cellular users partitions the cellular users into different coalitions.
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