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Techniques have been demonstrated that expose cells to microfluidic "switching flows" which permit bulk changes in cellular surroundings at a faster rate than traditional perfusion [11], [12].
Little is known about how Kinesin works in complex cellular surroundings.
Inflammatory cells respond with the "respiratory burst" that involves the uptake of oxygen and release of ROS into the cellular surroundings.
Small hair-like cell protrusions, called filopodia, often establish adhesive contacts with the cellular surroundings with a subsequent build up of retraction force.
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The formation of these aggregates also has a direct impact on the oxygen concentration in their surroundings due to cellular respiration and poor oxygen diffusion through clusters.
However the consequences of FOG-1 expression appear to be dependent on its cellular origin and the biochemical surroundings, which can determine whether FOG-1 acts as a repressor or co-activator of GATA-1 [ 43, 44].
We evaluated here the impact of the HIV proteins Tat and Nef, as both are known to be secreted by infected cells into the extracellular media and suspected to induce bystander cellular damage to the noninfected surroundings cells (Kyei et al., 2009; Raymond et al., 2011; Debaisieux et al., 2012).
That is, randomly mixed cells seem to reconstruct their original cellular arrangement in response to their surroundings.
Artist Gabe Barcia-Colombo thinks all New Yorkers should slow down, put away their cellular devices, and instead take in their surroundings via 60-channel video wall.
This high motility of the processes enables microglia to effectively monitor the status of the local surroundings and possibly to endocytose small cellular debris or budded vesicular structures, including that from apoptotic cells, from the microenvironment.
We can use the first law of thermodynamics to show that U = - Q + W, (1 where U is the cellular internal energy; Q is the heat dissipated to the surroundings, and W is the work added to the system.
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