Therefore, spinae are likely connected to the cellular surface by proteins.
Therefore, the spinae might increase cellular surface to improve nutrient binding and uptake.
Growing algae continuously renew the cellular surface area.
The spinae were distributed randomly on the cellular surface when analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).
The infected cultures were rinsed with 2% penicillin-streptomycin solution (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) for 1 h to kill S. pneumoniae cells adhered to the cellular surface.
Biomarkers of cancer are often glycosylated membrane receptor proteins present on the cellular surface.
Biofilm associated proteins (Bap) are cellular surface components directly involved in biofilm formation process.
Immunostaining with antibodies directed against either LASV GPC or RABV G detected both LASV GPC and RABV G cells on the cellular surface of VERO cells infected with LASSARAB (Figs 2a, b panel LASSARAB).
Ultrastructural analysis after interactions for 3 h showed adherent pneumococci on the cellular surface and also in plasma membrane expansions, suggestive of recent engulfment by OECs due to self-induced bacterial invasion.
Moreover, when whole cells were treated by proteinase K, spinae were detached from the cells without leaving the scars on the cellular surface as observed in the case of mechanical shearing of the spinae (Supplementary information, Fig. S1, D).
Strikingly, the rhBMP-2-loaded CPC-PDA-CS significantly promoted the cellular surface translocation of BMPRs (especially BMPR-IA).
