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On the basis of the results of this study, we propose a model for the function of PpCSP1 in the cellular reprogramming of Physcomitrella (Fig. 5e).
We also discovered that HMGA1 enhances cellular reprogramming of somatic cells to iPSCs together with the Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC - OSKM).
In this study we determined the cardio-inducing capacity of ten transcription factors to actuate cellular reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells.
We have shown that cellular reprogramming of primary AFCs results in a fully pluripotent iPSC type, which is in line with recent publications [15], [29], [30].
Taken together, our results propose that, for these purposes, cellular reprogramming of AFCs is beneficial as it represses senescence and leads to a phenotype very similar, though not identical, to ESCs.
We believe that a means of assigning amniotic fluid cells greater value as an in vitro model system to investigate developmental processes, to conduct disease modeling, toxicological studies, drug research and exploitation in regenerative medicine could be achieved by cellular reprogramming of these cells to an undifferentiated ground state.
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This study also highlights the potential of cellular reprogramming to avert replicative senescence observed in bulk primary AFCs.
In the field of regenerative medicine, stimulation of cellular reprogramming and expansion of quiescent cells have been shown to cause genetic abnormalities and cell death, for example in response to DNA damage triggered by ectopic oncogene expression [ 2, 3].
Mechanistic and functional aspects of cellular reprogramming in general, and of AFCs in particular, can be highlighted on the basis of the presented comparative transcriptome analyses of AFiPSCs, ESCs (H1, H9) and FiPSCs and the corresponding parental cell lines.
These and other advances in tweaking cells to assume new identities add up to make the now flourishing field of cellular reprogramming Science's Breakthrough of the Year.
Future studies aimed at assessing the development of cellular reprogramming over time (instead of a single timepoint) and at a cellular level will help clarify these processes.
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