Micronucleus formation, a measure of unrepaired DNA damage, was monitored in all experiments as a cellular indicator of bystander effects.
The 3T3-L1 cells were treated with various concentrations of CG (0, 10, or 100 μg/ml) during differentiation, and, on day 4 or 6, the level of expression and phosphorylation of Akt and its substrate, GSK3β, a well-established cellular indicator of Akt activation, were examined.
The identification of predictive cellular indicators for stress adaptive behavior will enable the prediction of the impact of adaptive responses during mild stress (processing) conditions on subsequent microbial robustness, and can be exploited to control these stress adaptive traits.
Comparison of genome-wide transcriptome profiles of microorganisms in response to diverse environmental conditions can reveal general stress response features [16] [19], and could lead to identification of cellular indicators for stress adaptive behavior.
Since phosphorylation of the histone H2AX (termed γ-H2AX) is a sensitive cellular indicator for the presence of DNA-DSBs [44,45], the effect of lipoproteins on H2AX phosphorylation via ATM was studied.
Our study shows that the predictive potential of cellular indicators is highly influenced by the functional cell level at which the indicator is measured.
In contrast, the catA transcript of the main vegetative catalase was not suitable to predict the robustness status towards lethal stress of mild stress pretreated cells for any of the tested conditions, underpinning the significance to evaluate the predictive potential of cellular indicators at different functional cell levels.
The effect of excess glucose on retinal cellular health remains controversial, and cellular reducing equivalents, as indicators of cellular energy production, are widely used as substitute indicators of retinal cellular health.
Biomarkers are molecular, biochemical, cellular and physiological indicators of contaminant stress measured in organisms resident or exposed in situ in a specific location.
