It has been suggested that non-pseudogene paralogs have been retained because of a role for GAPD in the bundling of microtubules and other cellular functions as well as functional diversification into testis- and muscle-specific forms [ 11].
Signal transduction pathways play a key role in many cellular functions as well as intercellular communication.
The differential expression of genes by diverse cell types with a common genome is a hallmark of complex cellular functions, as well as the basis for multicellular life.
Evidently, ECM/cell topography and stiffness are associated with transcriptomic/proteomic changes in signaling pathways and cellular functions, as well as in metastatic potential of tumor cells (Pozo et al., 2007; Swaminathan et al., 2011; Huang and Ingber, 2005).
Nevertheless, as the precise signaling events are as yet unknown, the regulation of nuclear actin polymerization may be of significant importance for different cellular functions as well as disease conditions caused by altered nuclear dynamics and architecture.
Interestingly, in U2OS there was a strong epigenetic contribution to disruption of cellular growth and proliferation, while in MG63 cells there is a robust genetic contribution to deregulation of these cellular functions, as well as cellular development (Figure S3).
However, besides its central role in regulation of apoptosis, the PI3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway is also involved in the regulation of numerous cellular functions as diverse as cell metabolism, cell polarity and membrane and vesicular trafficking [51], [52].
The elusive nature of the mechanisms inhibiting proliferation and causing senescence is likely to reflect the complexity and redundancy of the mechanisms controlling such vital cellular functions as well as the multiplicity of signaling events elicited by ionizing radiations.
Alterations in MAM likely affect other cellular functions as well.
The EGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases regulates various cellular functions as diverse as growth, differentiation, cell motility, and survival.
In diseases, ERK1 and ERK2 can display distinct cellular functions, as has been shown for the formation of cancer [ 3].
