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To visualise how alcohol overwhelms our cellular defences, imagine you're pouring alcohol – say red wine – into a glass through a funnel.
Glutathione (GSH) is a linchpin of cellular defences in plants and animals with physiologically-important roles in the protection of cells from biotic and abiotic stresses.
These cellular defences in corals and other marine invertebrates are often induced under conditions of oxidative stress, including UV exposure [7].
MSU represents one of these signals that activate cellular defences.
Some of the differentially expressed genes are involved in detoxification pathways and cellular defences against insults.
Other cellular defences against mitochondrial derived ROS include catalase, which is another enzyme that can detoxify H2O2.
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Pro-inflammatory genes, such as TNF-α and transcription factor NF-κB, have been reported to induce the expression of the genes associated with immunological and cellular defence systems [35,36].
Primed plants display faster and/or stronger activation of various cellular defence responses after pathogen and insect attack [52].
Whilst much is known regarding the mechanism of transformation by NPM-ALK, the existence of cellular defence pathways to prevent this pathological process has not been investigated.
We found enriched GO terms related to immune response, inflammatory response, chemotaxis, proteolysis, cellular defence response, defence response to bacteria, cell-cell signalling, calcium homeostasis and positive regulation of cell proliferation (Fig. 3).
It is important in the cellular defence against cytotoxic lipid peroxidation products [ 62].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com