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Exposure biomarkers, such as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), can provide a sensitive indication of cellular changes at the enzyme level, which often represent the first warning signals of environmental disturbance.
The relatively subtle but distinct metabolic changes seen in response to drug treatments allied with the lack of overt cellular changes at 24 hours, strongly imply that we have measured genuine drug responses and not secondary changes within the metabolome occurring after drug induced changes in cell behavior.
Next, we wanted to know cellular changes at the swollen region.
Metabolic and cellular changes at this time include a transient reduction in fiber respiration rate and lowering of glucose and fructose concentrations [ 24].
Although we cannot exclude that cellular changes at the level of matrix vesicles play a role in the mineral nucleation at those loci, it is probable that the reduced levels of pyrophosphate and the presence of fibrillar collagen are the main determinants for the induction of ectopic mineralizations.
In the new version of the manuscript, we reduce the importance of surface-to-volume ratios and focus instead on the signature cellular changes at the thermal limits, namely embryo size reduction below the lower thermal limit and embryo elongation above the upper thermal limit, both of which have been directly measured.
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It is plausible that local sub-cellular changes at either the anterior or posterior end of the outer segment contribute to the overall reflectance profile.
These networks provided a direct route for querying cellular changes one at a time and validated the high quality of our data.
To address those questions, we hypothesized that AhR overexpression occurs in cells experiencing deficiencies in normally required estrogen receptor (ER) signaling, and the basic role of AhR in such cases is to guide the affected cells to develop orchestrated cellular changes aimed at substituting the normal functions of ER.
In this study we used HPV16-transformed keratinocytes in an attempt to explore the cellular changes that occur at early stages of transformation.
After defining this range at the beginning of the Results section, we then asked if cellular changes were readily observable at those limit temperatures defined by embryonic viability tests, and strikingly found this to be the case for some (see Figures 2-3).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com