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Level coupling is then performed in a quite straightforward way using concentrations as input variables to the cellular agents.
Among the cellular agents of inflammatory response, mononuclear cells play an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis.
Of these, the most accessible for a general audience is probably the Simmune platform, which has a graphical interface that integrates all stages of modeling from model construction to data analysis and allows embedding of rule-based biochemical descriptions into cellular agents [ 14].
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Adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (designed ADSCs or ASCs) are proposed as cellular agent to enhance angiogenesis after ischemic injury [40], [41] or to promote survival of fat graft for breast augmentation or reconstruction [42], but additionally they could promote migration and invasion of breast cancer cells [43].
If the investigation of cases of severe morbidity should permit the identification of a specific cellular agent as the likely cause, specific therapeutic actions can be enjoined ranging from the inhibition of a specific modulator of influenza infection to the removal or inactivation of specific cell types.
Note that all simulations were conducted with 53 initial cells defined as squares encompassing a 3 × 3 grid of sub-cellular agents.
The concentration of activated (Fn-bound) α5β1 integrin was scaled according to the percentage of cell surface area in contact with Fn, which was dictated by the number of sub-cellular agents in direct contact with the Fn substrate.
Despite the ability to possess different attributes and experience different spatial environments, the sub-cellular agents of a single simulated cell migrated as if they were connected to one another, thus maintaining the overall physical integrity of the simulated biological cell and preventing spatial fractionation or separation of cytoplasmic components.
Concentrations of engaged/activated cadherins were determined much in the same way that integrin concentrations were determined: according to the percentage of total cell surface area (i.e. the proportion of the 9 sub-cellular agents comprising each cell) physically in contact with a neighboring cell.
Based upon our previous studies on the ODE model of CD4+ T cell differentiation and agent-based modeling for enteric immunity, it is concluded that developing multiscale models requires significant reduction of the intracellular ODE model before integrating them into the inter-cellular agent-based models.
The permanent loss of brain tissue affords the possibility of treatment using a biomaterial scaffold to fill the lesion site and potentially deliver pharmacological or cellular therapeutic agents.
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