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Based at the University of Washington in St Louis, Levi-Montalcini demonstrated that the dramatic changes to the number and pattern of nerve cells in chick embryos, induced experimentally by the local grafting of mouse tumour cells, were caused by a specific chemical – a protein – produced by the tumour cells.
Akita mouse, a diabetic model with spontaneous mutation of insulin 2 gene [30], was used to test whether the abnormalities in cumulus cells were caused by streptozotocin itself rather than maternal diabetes.
Together, these results indicated that differences between cells were caused by different transcriptional activities of the VEGF-A promoter.
To investigate if the observed growth inhibiting effects of extracellular nucleotides on oesophageal cancer cells were caused by cell cycle arrest, cell cycle analysis was performed.
Our data demonstrated that reduced Aβ levels in the medium of C99 A2T cells were caused by impaired γ-cleavage of C99 A2T in cells.
These early parity-induced changes of gene expression and dynamics of mammary stem/progenitor cells were caused primarily by a decrease in the proportion of hormone-sensitive and Wnt4-secreting luminal epithelial cells [ 6, 7].
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The xenografted embryos with growing myeloma, however, appeared to have fewer haematopoietic centres, with poorly defined sinus borders, implying that the MM cells were causing aberrant haematopoiesis.
A CD30-independent cytotoxic effect on CD30-negative cells is caused by release of free MMAE from neighbouring CD30-positive cells in culture24.
This suggests that the differentiation of GMPs into Ly6G+ cells is caused by the increased endogenous expression of miR-223 in GMP cells.
Burgess, T. et al. The antiproliferative activity of c-myb and c-myc antisense oligonucleotides in smooth muscle cells is caused by a nonantisense mechanism.
Taken together, these data suggest that toxicity caused by SERCA inhibition in SH-SY5Y cells is caused by ER Ca2+ depletion, which triggers an apparent apoptotic pathway.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com