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These microelectrodes, whose area is equal to 1 μm2, were fabricated using photolithography, sputtering, and focused ion beam (FIB) technologies since these micro-fabrication techniques allow us to develop miniaturized electrochemical cells useful either for nanoelectrochemistry or biosensors applications.
That completed a triumvirate of technologies -- stem cells, telomerase to help keep such cells useful, and cloning to help tailor therapies to individuals.
To make those embryonic stem cells useful for therapy, scientists would then have to turn them into particular types of cells like heart cells or neurons that could be injected into people.
Poly-L-lysine (PLL) is a nonspecific attachment factor for cells, useful in promoting cell adsorption to solid substrates (Yavin et al. 1974; McKeehan et al. 1984; Atashi et al. 2009).
In summation, our method provided an effective biochip for enhancing and detecting external EM stimulation on the cells useful for future diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as wave-guided drug-resistance breakage.
First, in the murine model whether these pharmacological treatments produce immunogenic melanoma cells useful for in vivo vaccination.
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Such cells are useful for powering military equipment, providing backup power for aerospace systems, and operating personal pagers.
Disease-specific receptors on the surface of cells provide useful targets for nanoparticles.
Manipulating the physical location of cells is useful both to organize cells in vitro and to separate cells during screening.
Perturbation of genes in cultured cells is useful for gene function discovery, combinatorial screening, and other applications.
Although imaging of fixed cells is useful and sufficient for many applications, live cell microscopy is ideal for visualizing cellular processes, which is considerably more difficult.
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