Mouse Cldn4 is downregulated in EMT in response to SNAI1 [10] and expression of CLDN4 decreases the potential of pancreatic cancer cells to metastasize downstream of both MEK and PI3K [52].
Once the Ag-specific naïve T cells are activated by the DCs, they proliferate and differentiate into functional T cells to facilitate downstream B-cell activation or give rise to memory T cells that can be immediately activated via interacting with antigen-presenting DCs.
Besides, DNA lesions in stem cells could propagate both to daughter stem cells and to downstream lineages.
Surprisingly, the entire step sequence can be predicted from input EPSCs and output spikes of a single granule cell, suggesting that a robust gait code is present already at the cerebellar input layer and transmitted via the granule cell pathway to downstream Purkinje cells.
Thus the effect of PSIP1-P75 tregulationonal regulatisn is more pronounced in the cochlear hair cells, leading to downstream perturbation that possibly influences the cell's identity, differentiation and maintenance.
The medium spiny neurons in the striatum are GABAergic cells projecting to downstream structures such as globus pallidus and substantia nigra and are major participants in reward learning and action selection.
These findings indicate that p38 and ERK MAPK are dominantly responding kinases following S1P stimulation in both rat and human cells leading to downstream phenomenon such as proliferation and prostanoid production.
The inclusion or removal of background sites (i.e. insertion events present in a small minority of tumor cells) prior to downstream analysis will have profound effects on the quality of the resulting data set.
The ability of a number of cytokine receptors, including hPRL-R, to bind to multiple ligands, which manifest in different biological responses, brings about important questions relating subtle changes in receptor conformation on the cell-surface to downstream effects inside the cell.
Ras proteins control a wide array of cellular functions, including growth, survival and invasion, by relaying signals from activated RTKs at the cell surface to downstream effectors in the nucleus, including cell-cycle proteins and transcription factors (Malumbres and Barbacid, 2003; Cully and Downward, 2008).
