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Furthermore, the median CD81 diffusion coefficient was similarly reduced in polarized cells (polarized DC = 0.07 μm s−1 versus non-polarized DC = 0.11 μm s−1) (Fig. 2C).

Under these flow conditions, endothelial cells polarized by the contact with the micro-structure and, interestingly, oriented themselves in the direction perpendicular to flow.

In both models, both biomaterials induced the infiltration of macrophages polarized towards a M2 phenotype and T-helper cells polarized towards a Th2 phenotype.

Netrin-gradient scaffolds promoted both the percentage of RGCs polarized with a single axon, and also the percentage of cells polarized toward the scaffold center, from 31%to52%2%.

Strikingly, within a minute following synthetic PI3K activation, the cells polarized and started to migrate randomly (Fig. 2A, Movie S1).

Importantly, neutralizing antibodies against IL-23 did not affect IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells polarized with Aspergillus-stimulated DCs (Figure 5C).

Epithelial cells polarize EGFR and EGFR ligands to the basolateral surface, and disruption of this polarization is associated with disease states.

At day 5, most front cells polarize tangentially at the interface, with a few leading cells polarizing radially and starting to invade the outer ECM layer.

It has been shown that Mtb-infected DCs, but not macrophages, can drive naïve CD4+ T cells polarize to Th1 pathway [10].

Recently, we showed that upon cultivation, CD34+ hematopoietic cells polarize and establish a leading and a trailing edge [6].

In vitro, T cells polarize spontaneously, for example on the integrin ligand ICAM-1 [3], and this requires activation of the integrin LFA-1 [5].