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HLA class II-associated peptides are 10 25 amino acids in length and are normally found on the surface of specialized antigen-presenting cells including macrophages and dendritic cells for presentation to CD4+ T cells.
These findings indicate that only splenic CD11chi DCs capture and process blood-borne donor apoptotic cells for presentation to indirect CD4 T cells.
Homologous superinfection assays were employed to test infected but NA-negative cells for presentation and accessibility of functional SeV receptors on the cell surface.
Inhibition of autophagy via the PI3K-III inhibitor 3-methyladenine or knockdown of Beclin 1 or ATG12 drastically reduced the ability of HEK293T (human embryonic kidney cells) and melanoma cells for presentation of a model antigen or the endogenous tumour antigen gp100, whereas activation of autophagy had the opposite effect (91).
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Images were cropped to a single cell for presentation in figures without removing any additional image information.
In doing so, seven immune modules representing immune cells or immune processes were distinguished: B lymphocytes (IgG); macrophages and monocyte/myeloid lineage cells (HCK); professional antigen-presenting cells (MHC-II); T cells (LCK); cell types for presentation of intracellular antigens (MHC-I); interferon signal transduction (STAT1); and interferon response (interferon)) [ 15].
Nascent MHC class I molecules typically bind short peptide fragments 8 9 residues long and transport them to the cell surface for presentation to T cells.
It may play a role in trimming peptides, in the endoplasmic reticulum, for binding to HLA class I molecules where they are transported to the cell surface for presentation to T cells.
For instance, the HLA-E epitopes generated from the signal sequence of the polymorphic MHC class I molecule, are further processed and loaded to a non-polymorphic MHC class I molecule HLA-E, generating a complex that is subsequently transported to the cell surface for presentation to natural killer cells [18].
The processed antigens in the lumen of phagocytic or endocytic organelles are loaded onto MHC class II molecules followed by translocation onto cell surface for presentation to CD4+ T cells.
The challenge in developing an effective vaccine against a virus or an intracellular bacterium delivered by RASVs is to introduce the protective antigen inside the host cell cytoplasm for presentation to MHC-I molecules for an efficient cell mediated immune response.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com