Here we show that similarly to regular thymocytes, developing B cells enforced to express the Notch ligand Delta-like-1 (DLL1) efficiently induce the non-polarized, three-dimensional (3D) meshwork architecture of cortical TECs in fetal thymic organ culture.
In p53 null murine OSE cells, enforced expression of the PI3-kinase downstream mediator, Akt, in cooperation with mutant K-ras, induces the OSE cell transformation [5].
In fetal thymic organ culture system, B cells enforced to express Delta-like-1 could efficiently induce TECs development to establish three-dimensional architecture of thymic environment [ 42].
Consistent with its inhibitory effect on the expression of BimS in melanoma cells, enforced expression of B-RAFV600E caused a decrease in this isoform in melanocytes.
In MCF7 cells, enforced METCAM/MUC18 expression increased in vitro motility, invasiveness, anchorage-independent colony formation (in vitro tumorigenesis), and in vivo tumorigenesis.
miR-155 is enriched in hematopoietic stem cells compared with more mature hematopoietic cells; enforced expression of the miRNA in mouse bone marrow cells caused granulocyte/monocyte expansion [ 38].
The regulation of chromatin modifier Bmi1 by Twist1 was confirmed in AML cells enforced with Twist1 overexpression and indirectly affirmed by the strong positive correlation between their expression levels in primary AML samples.
The accelerated cell division of undifferentiated E/M cells might be supported by the high production of extracellular matrix proteins, observed in early passages (Figure 3C), whereas low cell densities of E/M-MP cells, or growth among more differentiated cells, enforces differentiation and the rapid loss of CD133 (Figures 7A,B).
CD47 is a transmembrane protein and a marker of self and its binding to antigen-presenting cells enforces tolerance [ 71].
For example, a decreased demand for B cell production in aged mice due the accumulation of long-lived cells may lead to selection of slow cycling HSCs, whereas a chronic demand for B cells enforces continuous B cell production and this may select for rapid cycling HSCs.
