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At least in mice, the cells can be inserted into blastocysts, or very early embryos, and will then contribute to almost all the body's tissues.
Immunocytochemistry was the method of choice in the cell line studies because, in order to perform clonogenic assays, only small numbers of cells can be inserted into a flask (100 500).
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This is the first report that an artificial intron containing an insect cell promoter can be inserted into a coding sequence to express genes with overlapping open-reading frames (ORFs).
After the vector is readily prepared and transformed into the competent cells, the target gene can be inserted into the Pichia genome in high efficiency via homologous recombination to generate stable cell lines, and then the colonies with multiple copies that exhibit the highest protein expression level will be screened out through zeocin-spread plates (Daly and Hearn, 2005).
The sharp-tipped SiO2 nanoneedle can be inserted into cells without causing significant cell damage.
In gene therapy-based regenerative medicine, messenger RNA can be degraded to decrease the level of expression of relevant genes or exogenous genes can be inserted into cells by means of (non-) viral vectors to increase gene expression [ 85].
Levine and his colleagues designed a new gene that can be inserted into T cells to trick them into attacking cancerous B cells, the cause of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
A couple of years ago, for example, Dick Masland's group at Harvard showed that the melanopsin gene, which is expressed in retinal cells that aren't involved in vision but in circadian rhythms, can be inserted into retinal ganglion cells that are involved in vision to partly restore vision in blind mice.
Alternatively, the tough plant cell wall can be stripped off and the gene can be inserted into this "naked" cell.
To bridge the gap created by the inability of these conventional techniques to produce in vivo measurements in living cells, we have recently developed a class of unique optical nanobiosensors that can be inserted into single living cells to monitor and measure biomolecules and biochemicals of biomedical interest without disrupting normal cellular processes.
This approach has resulted in the development of commercially available inserts that can be inserted into cell culture plates to study migration, the most widely used being Transwell® inserts.
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